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昆明市牛羊屠宰管理办法

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昆明市牛羊屠宰管理办法

云南省昆明市人民政府


昆明市人民政府令第86号


  《昆明市牛羊屠宰管理办法》已经2008年12月16日昆明市人民政府第110次常务会讨论通过,现予公布,自2009年7月1日起施行。


市长 张祖林

二○○九年一月五日



昆明市牛羊屠宰管理办法



  《昆明市牛羊屠宰管理办法》已经2008年12月16日昆明市人民政府第110次常务会讨论通过,现予公布,自2009年7月1日起施行。

市长 张祖林

二○○九年一月五日

  第一条 为加强牛羊屠宰管理,保证牛羊产品质量,保障居民身体健康,尊重少数民族风俗习惯,根据《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》、国务院《生猪屠宰管理条例》等法律、法规以及省政府授权,结合本市实际,制定本办法。

  第二条 本市行政区域内从事牛羊屠宰、经营的单位和个人,应当遵守本办法。

  第三条 本市行政区域内实行牛羊定点屠宰、集中检疫制度。但农村地区个人自宰自食的除外。

  第四条 市商务行政主管部门负责本市行政区域内牛羊屠宰行业的规划、指导、监督、协调、服务等管理工作。
  县(市)区商务行政主管部门负责本行政区域内牛羊屠宰的监督管理。
  农业、工商、环保、卫生、质监、公安、民族事务等行政管理部门按照各自职责,做好牛羊屠宰及牛羊产品流通的监督管理工作。
  乡(镇)人民政府、街道办事处按照属地管理原则落实相应的监督管理责任。
  有关社会团体应当配合政府及其有关部门做好牛羊屠宰的监督管理工作。

  第五条 任何单位和个人有权对违反本办法的行为进行举报。对举报有功人员由县级以上人民政府或者有关部门予以表彰奖励。

  第六条 牛羊定点屠宰厂(场)的设置布局规划,由市商务行政主管部门会同规划、国土、农业、工商、环保、卫生、民族事务行政管理部门根据昆明市城乡规划和土地利用总体规划组织编制,报市人民政府批准后实施。

  第七条 设置在本市主城规划区、呈贡新区、空港经济区范围内的牛羊定点屠宰厂(场),应当实行规模化、机械化屠宰,其他区域逐步实行。

  第八条 牛羊定点屠宰厂(场)的设置应当具备下列条件:
  (一)符合设置布局规划;
  (二)选址不得在生活饮用水地表水源保护区、风景名胜区、文物保护区等保护范围内并远离有毒、有害场所,不得妨碍或者影响周边居民生活和公共场所的活动;
  (三)有符合国家规定并与屠宰规模相适应的检验室、待宰间、屠宰间、急宰间、隔离间、吊挂式屠宰设施设备以及运载工具;
  (四)有必要的检验检疫设备、消毒及防蝇、防鼠设施和无害化处理设施;
  (五)有与屠宰规模相适应的给水和排水设施,生产用水应当符合国家规定标准;
  (六)有符合环保要求的污染物处理设施;
  (七)有依法取得健康证明的屠宰技术人员;
  (八)符合法律、法规和国家强制性标准规定的其他条件。

  第九条 设立牛羊定点屠宰厂(场),应当向所在地县(市)区商务行政主管部门提出书面申请,县(市)区商务行政主管部门接到申请之日起10日内,会同农业、卫生、环保等有关部门,根据本办法规定的条件进行初审,初审合格的,报市商务行政主管部门,由市商务行政主管部门会同相关部门在15日内进行审查,报经市人民政府批准后,方可开工建设。项目建成竣工后,市人民政府组织相关部门进行验收,验收合格的颁发牛羊定点屠宰证书和标志牌。申请人持定点屠宰证书向工商行政管理部门办理登记手续。
  未经定点,任何单位或者个人不得从事牛羊屠宰经营活动。

  第十条 设置清真牛羊定点屠宰厂(场)时,应当遵守国家、省、市清真食品管理的有关规定,依法办理清真食品经营许可手续。
  清真牛羊定点屠宰厂(场)的屠宰活动应当按照信仰伊斯兰教的少数民族风俗习惯操作。

  第十一条 牛羊定点屠宰厂(场)应当遵守下列规定:
  (一)屠宰的牛羊附有产地动物卫生监督机构出具的检疫合格证明;
  (二)检疫合格的牛羊产品,经动物卫生监督机构加盖验讫印章,并具备检疫合格证,检疫不合格和未经检疫的牛羊产品不得出厂(场);

(三)病害肉类在动物卫生检疫员监督下进行无害化处理;
  (四)确保无害化、污染物、环保处理设施及设备的正常运转。

  第十二条 任何单位和个人不得对牛羊或者牛羊产品注水或者注入其他物质。

  第十三条 牛羊定点屠宰厂(场)应当建立对牛羊及其产品的进出厂(场)检疫检验结果和处理情况的登记制度,登记资料应当保存两年以上。

  第十四条 批发市场销售的牛羊产品,应当同时具备动物卫生监督机构检疫合格证明、肉品品质检验验讫印章和牛羊定点屠宰凭证。
  清真牛羊产品还应当具有清真食品许可证。

  第十五条 集贸市场、超市、宾馆、餐饮店、集体伙食单位等销售和加工牛羊产品,应当购进定点屠宰厂(场)屠宰的合格牛羊产品。
  销售和加工清真牛羊产品,应当购进清真定点屠宰厂(场)的合格牛羊产品。

  第十六条 外埠进入本市销售的鲜牛羊产品,应当符合下列规定:
  (一)来自产地设区(县)的市(州)级以上人民政府批准的牛羊定点屠宰厂(场)屠宰的产品;
  (二)经本市动物卫生监督机构复检合格;
  (三)使用符合国家卫生标准的专用运输工具;
  (四)每批产品随车附表,标明定点屠宰厂(场)名称、牛羊来源、检疫检验证明、数量、车牌号等产品信息。

  第十七条 从事牛羊产品批发业务的单位和个人,应当建立牛羊产品销售台帐,如实记录批发的产品品种、规格、数量、流向等内容。
  销售牛羊产品的单位和个人,应当建立并执行进货查验制度,审验供货商的经营资格,验明产品合格证明和产品标识,并建立进货台帐,如实记录产品名称、规格、数量、供货商及其联系方式、进货时间等内容。

  第十八条 违反本办法第九条第二款规定的,由综合行政执法部门予以取缔,没收其屠宰工具、屠宰的牛羊及其产品和违法所得,并处货值金额1倍以上3倍以下罚款,罚款最高额不得超过3万元;货值金额难以确定的,对单位并处1万元以上3万元以下罚款,对个人并处2000元以上6000元以下罚款。
  未成立综合行政执法的县(市)区,由商务行政主管部门予以取缔并处罚款。

  第十九条 违反本办法第十一条第(一)、(三)、(四)项规定之一的,由商务行政主管部门责令限期改正,并处5000元以上1万元以下罚款;逾期不改正的,责令停业整顿。
  违反第十一条第(二)项规定的,由商务行政主管部门责令停业整顿,没收牛羊产品和违法所得,并处货值金额1倍以上3倍以下罚款,罚款最高额不得超过3万元,对其主要负责人处以1000元罚款;货值金额难以确定的,并处3000元以上9000元以下罚款;造成严重后果的,取消其牛羊定点屠宰厂(场)资格;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。

  第二十条 违反本办法第十二条规定的,由商务行政主管部门没收注水或者注入其他物质的牛羊、牛羊产品、注水工具和设备以及违法所得,并处货值金额1倍以上3倍以下罚款,罚款最高额不得超过3万元,对牛羊定点屠宰厂(场)或者其他单位的主要负责人处以1000元罚款;货值金额难以确定的,对牛羊定点屠宰厂(场)或者其他单位并处1万以上3万元以下罚款,对个人并处3000元以上9000元以下罚款;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
  牛羊定点屠宰厂(场)对牛羊、牛羊产品注水或者注入其他物质的,除依照前款的规定处罚外,还应当由商务行政主管部门责令停业整顿;造成严重后果,或者两次以上对牛羊、牛羊产品注水或者注入其他物质的,取消其牛羊定点屠宰厂(场)资格。

  第二十一条 违反本办法第十三条规定的,由商务行政主管部门给予警告,并处1000元以上3000元以下罚款。

  第二十二条 违反本办法第十条、第十四条、第十五条、第十六条、第十七条规定的,由工商、农业、卫生、民族事务等行政管理部门依据相关法律、法规、规章予以处罚。
第二十三条 执法监督检查人员进行执法监督检查时,应当出示执法证件。被检查的单位和个人应当予以配合,不得阻碍、拒绝检查。

  第二十四条 商务行政主管部门和其他有关部门的工作人员在牛羊屠宰监督管理工作中滥用职权、玩忽职守、徇私舞弊的,依法给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。

  第二十五条 本办法所称牛羊产品,是指牛羊在屠宰后未经加工的肉、脂、内脏、骨、头、蹄、皮、尾等。

  第二十六条 本办法自2009年7月1日起施行。




深圳市鲜活农产品食用安全管理规定

广东省深圳市人民政府


深圳市人民政府令

第114号

  《深圳市鲜活农产品食用安全管理规定》已经2002年3月29日市政府三届五十三次常务会议审议通过,现予发布。自2002年7月15日起实施。

市长:于幼军

二○○二年四月十五日


深圳市鲜活农产品食用安全管理规定

第一章 总 则
  第一条 为加强农产品食用安全管理,防止农产品在生产、经营及加工过程中受到污染或被加入对人体有害的物质,保障人体健康和生命安全,根据国家有关法律、法规,结合深圳市实际,制定本规定。
  第二条 本规定所称农产品,是指由种植或养殖形成的可供人类食用的蔬菜、水果、奶类、水产品、畜禽及畜禽屠宰品。
  本规定所称食用安全,是指农产品生产、经营及加工过程中与食用安全有关的活动。
  第三条 农业行政管理部门负责管理农业投入品的生产、经营、使用,对种植或养殖产品进行防疫、检验检疫,建立和管理农产品食用安全认证体系。
  商品流通行政管理部门负责农产品流通领域及畜禽屠宰加工的行业管理,并会同有关行政管理部门对农产品批发市场、配送中心、畜禽屠宰场的农产品食用安全进行管理。
  工商行政管理部门负责对农产品经营过程的食用安全进行管理,并会同有关行政管理部门对肉菜市场中经营的农产品食用安全进行管理。
  卫生行政管理部门负责农产品流通及加工领域食品卫生的管理。
  质量技术监督部门负责农产品国家标准、行业标准和广东省地方标准的组织实施,制定和组织实施深圳市地方标准,对农产品的检验认证机构依法进行审核和管理。
  环境保护部门负责农产品生产基地的环境保护及环境状况的监测和管理。
  出入境检验检疫部门负责进口农产品的检验检疫。
  第四条 发展计划、规划与国土资源、财政、公安、科技、水务、城市管理等有关行政管理部门在各自的职责范围内,协助做好农产品食用安全的管理。
  第五条 农业及卫生行政管理部门依法设置的检验检疫监督机构依其职能对生产、流通和加工领域的农产品进行抽检。
  依法成立的其他检验机构可以接受生产、经营者的委托,对农产品进行检验。
  农产品生产单位、农产品批发市场、配送中心、加工企业、冷库应对所生产和经营的农产品进行自检。
  第六条 经检验不符合中华人民共和国国家标准和中华人民共和国农业行业标准的农产品,由有关行政管理部门责令限期进行无害化处理;无法作无害化处理的,应予销毁。
第二章 生产过程的管理
  第七条 各级人民政府应当制定符合食用安全标准的农产品生产基地规划。
  农产品生产基地的规划和选址,应当符合国家、省和深圳市的环境质量标准和深圳市城市总体规划。
  第八条 农业、环保、水务等行政管理部门应当按照各自职责,对农产品生产基地的建设和管理进行监督和指导。
  第九条 禁止向农产品生产基地、渔业养殖水域和可能影响农业生产基地环境的区域排放重金属、硝酸盐、油类、酸液、剧毒废液、放射性废水、未经处理的含病原体的污水、有害气体及其它有害物质,或者倾倒、填埋废弃物和生活垃圾。
  第十条 在农产品生产过程中,禁止下列行为:
  (一)使用剧毒、高毒、高残留农药及其混合制剂;
  (二)使用违禁农药、兽药、鱼药;
  (三)使用盐酸克伦特罗及其他禁止使用的物质;
  (四)其他违背法律、法规规定和强制性标准的行为。
  第十一条 在蔬菜、水果的生产过程中,应按照中华人民共和国农牧渔业部、卫生部联合发布的《农药安全使用规定》和中华人民  共和国农业部发布的《农药合理使用准则》,合理使用农药、农用生长调节剂。禁止农药残留超过无公害蔬菜产品质量标准的蔬菜上市。
  在畜禽及其产品、水产品生产过程中,应按照中华人民共和国农业部发布的《兽药使用准则》、《饲料及饲料添加剂使用准则》和《渔用药物使用准则》,合理使用兽药、鱼药、饲料添加剂。
  第十二条 农产品生产单位对其生产的农产品应出具产品合格证明,并标明产品的生产单位和原生产基地。
  第十三条 畜禽及其产品应经动物防疫检疫监督机构检疫;经检疫合格的,由动物防疫检疫监督机构出具检疫合格证明。
第三章 农产品经营、加工过程的管理
  第十四条 进入经营、加工场地的农产品应由供货人提供农产品检验、检疫合格证或其他产品合格证明,并标明产地来源。
  第十五条 在农产品经营和加工过程中,禁止下列行为:
  (一)经营和加工含有违禁农药、兽药、鱼药的农产品或有害物质超标的农产品;
  (二)经营和加工过程中加入对人体健康有害的物质;
  (三)经营和加工没有检验、检疫合格证或其他产品合格证明的农产品;
  (四)经营和加工其他违反国家食品卫生管理规定的农产品。
  第十六条 农产品批发市场、配送中心、加工企业、超市、冷库、肉菜市场的经营单位和个人,对进入经营、加工场地的农产品的食用安全负有以下责任:
  (一)建立农产品安全责任制度;
  (二)查验农产品检验、检疫合格证及其他产品合格证明;
  (三)配合检验检疫监督机构对农产品进行抽检;
  (四)配合有关行政管理部门对农产品食用安全进行监督检查。
  第十七条 农产品批发市场、配送中心、加工企业、冷库应配置农产品食用安全检测设施,配备专职检测人员,并建立相应的检测规程和管理制度。
  第十八条 农产品批发市场的经营单位应在交易场所显著位置设立公示牌,公示以下内容:
  (一)自检不合格的农产品及其经营者;
  (二)抽检不合格的农产品及其经营者;
  (三)对不合格农产品经营者的处理情况。
  第十九条 动物防疫检疫监督机构应对定点畜禽屠宰场的畜禽屠宰及其产品进行检验检疫,畜禽屠宰场的经营者应予配合,并提供必要的工作场所和条件。
  第二十条 进入屠宰场的畜禽应附有产地县以上动物防疫检疫监督机构出具的检疫证明、运载工具消毒证明。
第四章 法律责任
  第二十一条 违反本规定第六条,未进行无害化处理或销毁的,由有关行政管理部门进行无害化处理或销毁,无害化处理或销毁的费用由产品所有人承担,并处产品所有人三千元以上二万元以下罚款。
  第二十二条 违反本规定第九条的,由环境保护部门责令限期治理,并按《深圳经济特区环境保护条例》予以处罚。
  第二十三条 违反本规定第十条的,由农业行政管理部门处以一万元以上五万元以下罚款。
  第二十四条 违反本规定第十一条的,由农业行政管理部门处以三千元以上二万元以下罚款。
  第二十五条 违反本规定第十五条的,由卫生和农业行政管理部门依据职责分工,处以一万元以上五万元以下罚款;情节严重依法应吊销其营业执照的,由工商行政管理部门依法处理。
  第二十六条 违反本规定,情节严重构成犯罪的,由司法机关依法追究其刑事责任。
违反本规定,造成他人损失的,应负赔偿责任。
第五章 附 则
  第二十七条 对农产品食用安全负有管理职能的行政管理部门可以依据有关法律、法规和本规定制定相应管理办法。
  第二十八条 本规定自2002年7月15日起施行。

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ——附加英文版

The National People's Congress


GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's
Congress, promulgated by Order No. 37 of the President of the People's
Republic of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987)

Contents
Chapter I Basic Principles
Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil
Conduct
Section 2 Guardianship
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm
Households
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social
Organization as Legal Persons
Section 4 Economic Association
Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Section 2 Agency
Chapter V Civil Rights
Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property Rights
Section 2 Creditors' Rights
Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights
Section 4 Personal Rights
Chapter VI Civil Liability
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of Contract
Section 3 Civil Liability for Infringement of Rights
Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil Liability
Chapter VII Limitation of Action
Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners
Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I Basic Principles
Article 1
This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual
situation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civil
activities, for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and
interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil
relations, so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist
modernization.
Article 2
The Civil Law of the People's Republic of China shall adjust property
relationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal
status, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and between
citizens and legal persons.
Article 3
Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.
Article 4
In civil activities, the principles of voluntariness, fairness, making
compensation for equal value, honesty and credibility shall be observed.
Article 5
The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall
be protected by law; no organization or individual may infringe upon them.
Article 6
Civil activities must be in compliance with the law; where there are no
relevant provisions in the law, they shall be in compliance with state
policies.
Article 7
Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harm
the public interest, undermine state economic plans or disrupt social
economic order.
Article 8
The law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to civil activities
within the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise stipulated by
law.
The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreigners
and stateless persons within the People's Republic of China, except as
otherwise stipulated by law.

Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.
Article 9
A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and
shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance with
the law.
Article 10
All citizens are equal as regards their capacity for civil rights.
Article 11
A citizen aged 18 or over shall be an adult. He shall have full capacity
for civil conduct, may independently engage in civil activities and shall
be called a person with full capacity for civil conduct.
A citizen who has reached the age of 16 but not the age of 18 and whose
main source of income is his own labour shall be regarded as a person with
full capacity for civil conduct.
Article 12
A minor aged 10 or over shall be a person with limited capacity for civil
conduct and may engage in civil activities appropriate to his age and
intellect; in other civil activities, he shall be represented by his agent
ad litem or participate with the consent of his agent ad litem.
A minor under the age of 10 shall be a person having no capacity for civil
conduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent ad
litem.
Article 13
A mentally ill person who is unable to account for his own conduct shall
be a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented
in civil activities by his agent ad litem.
A mentally ill person who is unable to fully account for his own conduct
shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and may engage
in civil activities appropriate to his mental health; in other civil
activities, he shall be represented by his agent ad litem or participate
with the consent of his agent ad litem.
Article 14
The guardian of a person without or with limited capacity for civil
conduct shall be his agent ad litem.
Article 15
The domicile of a citizen shall be the place where his residence is
registered; if his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile, his
habitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.
Section 2 Guardianship
Article 16
The parents of a minor shall be his guardians.
If the parents of a minor are dead or lack the competence to be his
guardian, a person from the following categories who has the competence to
be a guardian shall act as his guardian:
(1) paternal or maternal grandparent;
(2) elder brother or sister; or
(3) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the units of the
minor's parents or from the neighbourhood or village committee in the
place of the minor's residence. In case of a dispute over guardianship,
the units of the minor's parents or the neighbourhood or village committee
in the place of his residence shall appoint a guardian from among the
minor's near relatives. If disagreement over the appointment leads to a
lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first two paragraphs of this article
is available to be the guardian, the units of the minor's parents, the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of the minor's residence
or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 17
A person from the following categories shall act as guardian for a
mentally ill person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct:
(1) spouse;
(2) parent;
(3) adult child;
(4) any other near relative;
(5) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the unit to which
the mentally ill person belongs or from the neighbourhood or village
committee in the place of his residence. In case of a dispute over
guardianship, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs or the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence shall
appoint a guardian from among his near relatives. If disagreement over the
appointment leads to a lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first paragraph of this article is
available to be the guardian, the unit to which the mentally ill person
belongs, the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his
residence or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 18
A guardian shall fulfil his duty of guardianship and protect the person,
property and other lawful rights and interests of his ward. A guardian
shall not handle the property of his ward unless it is in the ward's
interests.
A guardian's rights to fulfil his guardianship in accordance with the law
shall be protected by law.
If a guardian does not fulfil his duties as guardian or infringes upon the
lawful rights and interests of his ward, he shall be held responsible; if
a guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate for
such loss. The people's court may disqualify a guardian based on the
application of a concerned party or unit.
Article 19
A person who shares interests with a mental patient may apply to a
people's court for a declaration that the mental patient is a person
without or with limited capacity for civil conduct.
With the recovery of the health of a person who has been declared by a
people's court to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct,
and upon his own application or that of an interested person, the people's
court may declare him to be a person with limited or full capacity for
civil conduct.
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Article 20
If a citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years, an interested
person may apply to a people's court for a declaration of the citizen as
missing.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 21
A missing person's property shall be placed in the custody of his spouse,
parents, adult children or other closely connected relatives or friends.
In case of a dispute over custody, if the persons stipulated above are
unavailable or are incapable of taking such custody, the property shall be
placed in the custody of a person appointed by the people's court. Any
taxes, debts and other unpaid expenses owed by a missing person shall
defrayed by the custodian out of the missing person's property.
Article 22
In the event that a person who has been declared missing reappears or his
whereabouts are ascertained, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
missing-person status.
Article 23
Under either of the following circumstances, an interested person may
apply to the people's court for a declaration of a citizen's death:
(1) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for four years or
(2) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years after the
date of an accident in which he was involved.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 24
In the event that a person who has been declared dead reappears or it is
ascertained that he is alive, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
death.
Any civil juristic acts performed by a person with capacity for civil
conduct during the period in which he has been declared dead shall be
valid.
Article 25
A person shall have the right to request the return of his property, if
the declaration of his death has been revoked. Any citizen or organization
that has obtained such property in accordance with the Law of Succession
shall return the original items or make appropriate compensation if the
original items no longer exist.
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm Households
Article 26
"Individual businesses" refers to business run by individual citizens who
have been lawfully registered and approved to engage in industrial or
commercial operation within the sphere permitted by law. An individual
business may adopt a shop name.
Article 27
"Leaseholding farm households" refers to members of a rural collective
economic organization who engage in commodity production under a contract
and within the spheres permitted by law.
Article 28
The legitimate rights and interests of individual businesses and
leaseholding farm households shall be protected by law.
Article 29
The debts of an individual business or a leaseholding farm household shall
be secured with the individual's property if the business is operated by
an individual and with the family's property if the business is operated
by a family.
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Article 30
"Individual partnership" refers to two or more citizens associated in a
business and working together, with each providing funds, material
objects, techniques and so on according to an agreement.
Article 31
Partners shall make a written agreement covering the funds each is to
provide, the distribution of profits, the responsibility for debts, the
entering into and withdrawal from partnership, the ending of partnership
and other such matters.
Article 32
The property provided by the partners shall be under their unified
management and use. The property accumulated in a partnership operation
shall belong to all the partners.
Article 33
An individual partnership may adopt a shop name; it shall be approved and
registered in accordance with the law and conduct business operations
within the range as approved and registered.
Article 34
The operational activities of an individual partnership shall be decided
jointly by the partners, who each shall have the right to carry out and
supervise those activities. The partners may elect a responsible person.
All partners shall bear civil liability for the operational activities of
the responsible person and other personnel.
Article 35
A partnership's debts shall be secured with the partners' property in
proportion to their respective contributions to the investment or
according to the agreement made. Partners shall undertake joint liability
for their partnership's debts, except as otherwise stipulated by law. Any
partner who overpays his share of the partnership's debts shall have the
right to claim compensation from the other partners.

Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Article 36
A legal person shall be an organization that has capacity for civil rights
and capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights and
assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law.
A legal person's capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct
shall begin when the legal person is established and shall end when the
legal person terminates.
Article 37
A legal person shall have the following qualifications:
(1) establishment in accordance with the law;
(2) possession of the necessary property or funds;
(3) possession of its own name, organization and premises; and
(4) ability to independently bear civil liability.
Article 38
In accordance with the law or the articles of association of the legal
person, the responsible person who acts on behalf of the legal person in
exercising its functions and powers shall be its legal representative.
Article 39
A legal person's domicile shall be the place where its main administrative
office is located.
Article 40
When a legal person terminates, it shall go into liquidation in accordance
with the law and discontinue all other activities.
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Article 41
An enterprise owned by the whole people or under collective ownership
shall be qualified as a legal person when it has sufficient funds as
stipulated by the state; has articles of association, an organization and
premises; has the ability to independently bear civil liability; and has
been approved and registered by the competent authority. A Chinese-
foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or
foreign-capital enterprise established within the People's Republic of
China shall be qualified as a legal person in China if it has the
qualifications of a legal person and has been approved and registered by
the administrative agency for industry and commerce in according with the
law.
Article 42
An enterprise as legal person shall conduct operations within the range
approved and registered.
Article 43
An enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability for the
operational activities of its legal representatives and other personnel.
Article 44
If an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged or undergoes any
other important change, it shall register the change with the registration
authority and publicly announce it.
When an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged, its rights and
obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the new legal person that
results from the change.
Article 45
An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following
reasons:
(1) if it is dissolved by law;
(2) if it is disbanded;
(3) if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law; or
(4) for other reasons.
Article 46
When an enterprise as legal person terminates, it shall cancel its
registration with the registration authority and publicly announce the
termination.
Article 47
When an enterprise as legal person is disbanded, it shall establish a
liquidation organization and go into liquidation. When an enterprise as
legal person is dissolved or is declared bankrupt, the competent authority
or a people's court shall organize the organs and personnel concerned to
establish a liquidation organization to liquidate the enterprise.
Article 48
An enterprise owned by the whole people, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property that the state authorizes it to manage. An
enterprise under collective ownership, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property it owns. A Chinese-foreign equity joint
venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capital
enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability with the property it
owns, except as stipulated otherwise by law.
Article 49
Under any of the following circumstances, an enterprise as legal person
shall bear liability, its legal representative may additionally be given
administrative sanctions and fined and, if the offence constitutes a
crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with
the law:
(1) conducting illegal operations beyond the range approved and registered
by the registration authority;
(2) concealing facts from the registration and tax authorities and
practising fraud;
(3) secretly withdrawing funds or hiding property to evade repayment of
debts;
(4) disposing of property without authorization after the enterprise is
dissolved, disbanded or declared bankrupt;
(5) failing to apply for registration and make a public announcement
promptly when the enterprise undergoes a change or terminates, thus
causing interested persons to suffer heavy losses;
(6) engaging in other activities prohibited by law, damaging the interests
of the state or the public interest.
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social Organization as Legal
Person
Article 50
An independently funded official organ shall be qualified as a legal
person on the day it is established.
If according to law an institution or social organization having the
qualifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures for
registering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person on
the day it is established; if according to law it does need to go through
the registration procedures, it shall be qualified as a legal person after
being approved and registered.
Section 4 Economic Association
Article 51
If a new economic entity is formed by enterprises or an enterprise and an
institution that engage in economic association and it independently bears
civil liability and has the qualifications of a legal person, the new
entity shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved and
registered by the competent authority.
Article 52
If the enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage in
economic association conduct joint operation but do not have the
qualifications of a legal person, each party to the association shall, in
proportion to its respective contribution to the investment or according
to the agreement made, bear civil liability with the property each party
owns or manages. If joint liability is specified by law or by agreement,
the parties shall assume joint liability.
Article 53
If the contract for economic association of enterprises or of an
enterprise and an institution specifies that each party shall conduct
operations independently, it shall stipulate the rights and obligations of
each party, and each party shall bear civil liability separately.

Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Article 54
A civil juristic act shall be the lawful act of a citizen or legal person
to establish, change or terminate civil rights and obligations.
Article 55
A civil juristic act shall meet the following requirements:
(1) the actor has relevant capacity for civil conduct;
(2) the intention expressed is genuine; and
(3) the act does not violate the law or the public interest.
Article 56
A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form. If the law
stipulates that a particular form be adopted, such stipulation shall be
observed.
Article 57
A civil juristic act shall be legally binding once it is instituted. The
actor shall not alter or rescind his act except in accordance with the law
or with the other party's consent.
Article 58
Civil acts in the following categories shall be null and void:
(1) those performed by a person without capacity for civil conduct;
(2) those that according to law may not be independently performed by a
person with limited capacity for civil conduct;
(3) those performed by a person against his true intentions as a result of
cheating, coercion or exploitation of his unfavourable position by the
other party;
(4) those that performed through malicious collusion are detrimental to
the interest of the state, a collective or a third party;
(5) those that violate the law or the public interest;
(6) economic contracts that violate the state's mandatory plans; and
(7) those that performed under the guise of legitimate acts conceal
illegitimate purposes. Civil acts that are null and void shall not be
legally binding from the very beginning.
Article 59
A party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration
agency to alter or rescind the following civil acts:
(1) those performed by an actor who seriously misunderstood the contents
of the acts;
(2) those that are obviously unfair.
Rescinded civil acts shall be null and void from the very beginning.
Article 60
If part of a civil act is null and void, it shall not affect the validity
of other parts.
Article 61
After a civil act has been determined to be null and void or has been
rescinded, the party who acquired property as a result of the act shall
return it to the party who suffered a loss. The erring party shall
compensate the other party for the losses it suffered as a result of the
act; if both sides are in error, they shall each bear their proper share
of the responsibility.
If the two sides have conspired maliciously and performed a civil act that
is detrimental to the interests of the state, a collective or a third
party, the property that they thus obtained shall be recovered and turned
over to the state or the collective, or returned to the third party.
Article 62
A civil juristic act may have conditions attached to it. Conditional civil
juristic acts shall take effect when the relevant conditions are met.
Section 2 Agency
Article 63
Citizens and legal persons may perform civil juristic acts through agents
An agent shall perform civil juristic acts in the principal's name within
the scope of the power of agency. The principal shall bear civil liability
for the agent's acts of agency. Civil juristic acts that should be
performed by the principal himself, pursuant to legal provisions or the
agreement between the two parties, shall not be entrusted to an agent.
Article 64
Agency shall include entrusted agency, statutory agency and appointed
agency. An entrusted agent shall exercise the power of agency as
entrusted by the principal; a statutory agent shall exercise the power of
agency as prescribed by law; and an appointed agent shall exercise the
power of agency as designated by a people's court or the appointing unit.
Article 65
A civil juristic act may be entrusted to an agent in writing or orally. If
legal provisions require the entrustment to be written, it shall be
effected in writing. Where the entrustment of agency is in writing, the
power of attorney shall clearly state the agent's name, the entrusted
tasks and the scope and duration of the power of agency, and it shall be
signed or sealed by the principal.
If the power of attorney is not clear as to the authority conferred, the
principal shall bear civil liability towards the third party, and the
agent shall be held jointly liable.
Article 66
The principal shall bear civil liability for an act performed by an actor
with no power of agency, beyond the scope of his power of agency or after
his power of agency has expired, only if he recognizes the act
retroactively. If the act is not so recognized, the performer shall bear
civil liability for it. If a principal is aware that a civil act is being
executed in his name but fails to repudiate it, his consent shall be
deemed to have been given.
An agent shall bear civil liability if he fails to perform his duties and
thus causes damage to the principal.
If an agent and a third party in collusion harm the principal's interests,
the agent and the third party shall be held jointly liable.
If a third party is aware that an actor has no power of agency, is
overstepping his power of agency, or his power of agency has expired and
yet joins him in a civil act and thus brings damage to other people, the
third party and the actor shall be held jointly liable.
Article 67
If an agent is aware that the matters entrusted are illegal but still
carries them out, or if a principal is aware that his agent's acts are
illegal but fails to object to them, the principal and the agent shall be
held jointly liable.
Article 68
If in the principal's interests an entrusted agent needs to transfer the

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